Shah, ‘ Taliban’s New Leader in Afghanistann Moves to Quash Dissent’, The New York Times, 6 September 2015 N. Serle, Afghan Airstrikes Killed and Injured Record Numbers of Civilians in 2016,The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, 6 February 2017 M. Azami, ‘ Why Taliban special forces are fighting Islamic State', BBC, 18 December 2015 J. Azami, ‘ IS in Afghanistan: how successful has the group been?’, BBC, 25 February 2017 D. Azami, ‘ IS in Afghanistan: how successful has the group been?’, BBC, 25 February 2017. Furthermore, there was a parallel NIAC between the Taliban and the Islamic State-Khorasan province (IS-KP). Since 2015, fighters in Afghanistan have proclaimed the establishment of a Khorasan province branch of the Islamic State group (IS-KP) and started conducting attacks, thereby engaging in a non-international armed conflict with the former Afghan government. Trofimov, ‘As Taliban Seek International Acceptance, Countries Seek to Engage-but Stop Short of Recognition’, The Wall Street Journal, 13 September 2021. ‘How the Taliban stormed across Afghanistan in ten days’, BBC, 16 August 2021 Y. See also‘ Afghanistan Profile – Timeline’, BBC, 31 January 2018. However, in August 2021 the Taliban took control of most of the country, Kabul included, and became de facto the new government of Afghanistan, despite the fact that it has not been recognized by other States yet. The former government of Afghanistan, led by Ashraf Ghani was party to a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) against the Taliban, which was an organized armed group at the time. In recent years, Afghanistan has been affected by multiple and overlapping non-international armed conflicts.
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